Acheulean complexes with the preferred use of large flakes as cuttings are widespread in Africa and other regions such as the Levant or India. In Campo de Calatrava (Central Spain), at Middle Pleistocene sites located on river terraces, also found choppers made from large flakes. To identify the technological context of these tools, the complexes of open-type monuments of Albala and El Sotillo were described and compared with each other. The first is an example of an industry with a dominant pebble technology, the second is based on the production of large flakes, similar to those found in Africa, the Levant and India.

Key words: Acheulean, large cutting tools, Middle Pleistocene, Campo de Calatrava, Central Spain.

Introduction

The production and use of large flakes has been documented since the earliest Acheulean stages in such complexes as West Turkana [Lepre et al., 2011], Konso [Beyene et al., 2013], Peninge [Isaac, 1969], Olduvai, Pack II [Leakey, 1971], and Olorgesaile [Isaac, 1977), and in non-African Gesher Benot Ya'aks (Goren-Inbar and Saragusti, 1996), Atbarapur and Morgaon (Gaillard et al., 2010). Large flake cutting tools are not very common in European Acheulean sites. In Iberia, pebbles and blocks of rock were usually used for the production of chops. Examples of this technology are recorded in the central part of Spain (Pinet do [Querol and Santonja, 1979], Puente Pino [Rodriguez de Tembleque, 2004], parking lots on the terraces of the Jarama and Manzanares Rivers) and other regions of the Iberian Peninsula (Torralba and Ambrona [Howell, Butzer, Aguirre, 1962; Freeman and Butzer, 1966; Santonja et al., 2005], Galeria-Atapuerca [Carbonell et al., 2001], Jlac-Gandaras de Boudinho [Mendez, 2007]). Flake chops are also known in the Iberian Peninsula. For example, they dominate the La Maya II complex (Santonja and Villa, 2006). Another important site is El Sartalejo, where nuclei for the production of large flakes have been described (Santonja and Villa, 1990, 2006), along with numerous large cutting tools. Using this site as an example, the possibility of potential links between angelic technologies in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula has recently been substantiated, since complexes on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar contain "entame cores" and large flakes (Sharon, 2011).

In the area of Campo de Calatrava (Central Spain), two localities can be considered as belonging to the above - mentioned group of sites where intensive use of large flakes was recorded: Porzuna (Vallespi, Ciudad Serrano, Garcia Serrano, 1979) and El Sotillo (Ciudad Serrano et al., 1983). In this article, we present a technological analysis of the materials of the last and

Figure 1. Location and general view of the Albala and El Sotillo sites in Campo de Calatrava (Central Spain).

we compare them with the complex also located in the Campo de Calatrava angelic parking Albala, where the choppers were made of pebbles. This will provide a more complete picture of the production of large cutting tools in Central Spain during the Middle Pleistocene.

Chronostratigraphic context

Campo de Calatrava is located in the center of the province of Ciudad Real in Central Spain (Figure 1). This region is bordered by the Montes de Toledo mountain system to the north, the Sierra Morena Mountains to the south, and the La Mancha Plain to the east. Geologically, it is represented by Paleozoic folding, volcanic relief, and a system of Pleistocene fluvial terraces along the Guadiana River and its tributaries, the Habalon, Siguela, Bullacve, and Zancara, which cut through the Campo de Calatrava. The basement of the terraces is formed mainly by quartzite and to a lesser extent by quartz, limestone, and shale (Portero et al., 1988). This hydrographic system includes various temporary and permanent small lakes and swampy lowlands.

Pliopleistocene volcanogenic deposits, which are an important geological feature of Campo de Calatrava, contain basalt and other volcanic rocks, such as nephelinite, present in the marginal areas (Poblete Piedrabuena, 1997). Archaeological materials are associated with these rocks. Various tools were made from basalt, which is recorded, for example, in El Chiquero. However, the most common type of stone raw material was quartzite, which was used in Campo de Calatrava throughout the Pleistocene.

Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites are found mainly in the context of fluvial terraces along the Guadiana and Habalon Rivers. Explorations in the 1970s and 1980s revealed Acheulean sites with surface artefacts, such as El Sotillo (Ciudad Serrano et al., 1983), Albala (Santonja, Querol, Repa, 1977), El Marinete (Santonja, Querol, 1983), and Porzuna (Vallespi, Ciudad Serrano, Garcia Serrano, 1979,1985]. The Albala and El Sotillo sites are located in the center of Campo de Calatrava at a distance of 26 km from each other (Fig. 1). The former is located on a six-meter-high Middle Pleistocene terrace on the left bank of the Guadiana River (Santonja, Querol, and Repa, 1977), while the latter is located in the deposits of the Pleistocene alluvial outflow cone embedded in the ancient riverbed of the Bullakwe River (Portero et al., 1988).

Some authors use the correlation of terraces of the Guadiana and Habalon Rivers to construct a relative chronology of numerous Acheulean localities (Santonja, 1996; Santonja and Perez-Gonzalez, 2002, 2010) on the Middle Pleistocene 10 - 13-and 8-meter terraces of these rivers. M. Lopez and co-authors dated several terrace levels of the Guadiana River at the Molino del locality- An Emperador whose industry contains large cutting tools. Using the OSL method, a date of 153,867 ± 12,448 BP was obtained for the upper terrace (13-16 m) [Lopez et al., 2005]. However, we can't mecha-

It is not possible to move this date to the Albala parking lot, as it is located on a 6-meter terrace. So far, the age of the complexes under consideration can only be determined approximately as Middle Pleistocene, and a dating program is required to establish the chronology of the Acheulean Campo de Calatrava.

Materials and methods

The collections from the Albala and El Sotillo sites are now kept in the Museum of the Province of Ciudad Real, and a technological analysis was carried out on their basis. Large cutting tools (hereinafter referred to as BRO) were selected from the gun sets (a total of 700 copies). Following the definitions given by BRO M. These artefacts were classified by R. Kleindienst [Kleindienst, 1962 ]and G. L. Isaac [Isaac, 1977] (Table 1). Most of the BRO from El Sotillo are large flakes without secondary processing, and in the collection from the Albala site they are sharpened tools without obvious traces of bifacial finishing. The technological analysis of the complexes was based on the concepts developed by E. Boeda and colleagues [Boeda, Geneste, and Meigen, 1990], and the classification used earlier by I. de la Torre and R. Mora [Torre I., Mora R., 2005].

Tools from the El Sotillo and Albala localities are made exclusively of quartzite, which was very common in the Middle Pleistocene sites of Campo de Calatrava. The use of non-silicon raw materials is recorded in Acheulean localities from La Mancha [Moloney, 1994; Non-flint Stone..., 1996], such as El Marinete [Santonja and Querol, 1983], Porzuna [Vallespi, Ciudad Serrano, Garcia Serrano, 1979, 1985], Pinedo [Querol and Santonja, 1979] and Puerte Pino (Rodriguez de Tembleque, 2004). The preferred use of quartzite in Campo de Calatrava is directly related to its availability; usually quartzite is presented in the form of nodules and pebbles of various sizes, which were transported by river flows and accumulated on their banks.

Technological analysis

El Sotillo complex. All BRO (115 copies) are made of large flakes. Bifaces predominate, followed by undetectable BRO, cleavers, and knives (Table 1). Morphometric analysis (Table 1). 2) shows the difference in size depending on the category, with the smallest bifaces. Two groups of bifacial tools are distinguished by their length: smaller and larger than 80 mm (Fig. 2). Among large bifaces (40 copies), 47.5% are designed on dezhete flakes, i.e. with the axis of symmetry deviating from the axis of impact. Next in number are elongated flakes. The secondary finish chip negatives are identical on both the ventral and dorsal sides of the pieces. Their number varies from 9 to 16 on the dorsal side and from 9 to 13 on the ventral side. Some bifaces show more intensive secondary processing, there are products that have more than 21 negative chips on one of the sides (Table 3). In general, on cuts with a length of more than 80 mm, there is no tendency to give symmetry or the correct cross-section to the tool. Secondary finishing is aimed exclusively at giving a pointed shape to the workpiece by retouching the edges.

Among bifaces with a length of less than 80 mm (31 copies), 32.3 % are designed on short thick flakes, the pointed shape of which is achieved using edge retouching. The tendency to flatten the tools can not be traced, although some items (5 copies) have traces of intensive processing of both planes. According to some experts, such artifacts should be classified as bifacial retouched scrapers (Ciudad Serrano et al., 1983), but our study confirms that they should be considered as small bifaces.

Indeterminate BRO, knives and cleavers differ in their morphometry from bifaces, because their ventral side does not bear traces of any finishing. These tools also demonstrate the preferred use of large, thick edge flakes and dezhete chips as workpieces. The residual impact pads of jib blanks, knives, and undetectable BRO are mostly non-faceted (15 copies), followed by natural (6 copies) faceted (5 copies) and dihedral (4 copies). This allows you to

Table 1.

Types of large cutting tools

* The term "indeterminate BRO" is used in this paper to identify tools whose morphological features do not allow them to be attributed to any other group of chops.

Figure 2. El Sotillo bifaces: an example of size variability.

Table 2.

Dimensions (mm) and weight (g) of large cutting tools

Table 3.

Types of workpieces and processing intensity of large cutting tools

assume that certain operations were performed to prepare sites near the nuclei from which the flakes-blanks were chipped.

Among the blanks of tools, the following main types were identified::

a) flakes with a natural crust: chips with a dorsal surface covered with a natural crust, and light retouching on one or two longitudinal edges (Fig. 3, a):

b) flakes taken from specially prepared nuclei: large chips with a radial or pseudo-radial dorsal cut (Fig. 3, b);

c) seed flakes: presence of at least 2 specimens. 4) suggests the use of flakes as nuclei for removing chips, which could later be used as BRO.

Albala complex. Among the selected 29 copies. BRO is dominated by biface, followed by undetectable cleavers and peaks (see Table 1). About half of the products (44.8%) were made from pebbles and only four (13.7%) were made from flakes, the remaining blanks are indeterminate.

The type of billet determined the morphology of the tool, while the preparation of its volume was not given special attention.-

3. Types of large flakes from El Sotillo (dorsal and ventral sides), a - with a natural crust; b-obtained from a specially prepared nucleus.

4. Kombev flakes from El Sotillo.

god's meaning. In this complex, it was not possible to identify the difference in size between different groups of BRO (see Table 2). The same applies to the minimum amount of effort spent on finishing quartzite pebbles in the manufacture of chops (see Table 3) . We were able to identify four methods of BRO design:

1) chops made on flat-convex pebbles show a different intensity of secondary processing of the sides, depending on the natural shape of the workpiece (Fig. 5, a): on the convex side, from one to four negatives of chipped finish can be traced in 40% of these tools, five to eight - in 33%, and on the flat side, respectively, in 33 and 37 % of products;

2) a certain amount of BRO was formed on pebbles with two naturally flat sides (Fig. 5, b), one of which was processed to give the product a pointed shape, while the proximal part of the nodule usually remained untreated;

3) the flake chops are represented by a large biface and three cleavers; the latter are made of short thick flakes that have not been subjected to secondary finishing, thus very similar to the samples from El Sotillo (Fig. 6);

4) two tools (6.8 %) demonstrate the use of a diamond-shaped reduction strategy (see Fig. 5, c) [Torre I., Mora R., 2005]: a flat block of raw materials was selected, its upper horizontal plane was used to remove flakes at one of the corners, and the lower one was used as a shock platform for processing the opposite corner.

Fig. 5. Large cutting tools from the Albala parking lot. a, b-formed on flatly convex nodules; c-made using the method of rhomboid reduction.

Fig. b. Large cutting tools made from flakes from the Albala parking lot.

Discussion

The results of our analysis show the co-existence of different methods of producing wood chips in the same area of Campo de Calatrava. In the Albala parking lot, large cutting tools were made mainly of nodules, preference was given to plano-convex blanks, which were processed to obtain a pointed end, the opposite part of the pebbles remained untreated. In this complex, such a typical characteristic of bifaces as the presence of two convex symmetrical surfaces is rare, while in the case of bifacial tools from El Sotillo it is clearly distinguishable (Figure 7). Despite the difference between the considered complexes in the types of blanks used for the manufacture of chops, there are no significant differences in the size of tools (figure 8). This suggests that the industries of both sites were aimed at obtaining guns of a certain shape and size.

Albala shares technological features with other Acheulean sites in Southern Meseta, such as Puente Pino (Rodriguez de Tembleque, 2004) and Pinedo (Querol and Santonja, 1979) in the Tagus basin, where chops were often formed on nodules treated with several, often fewer than 11, chips (Moloney, 1994).

More than 1,000 bifaces and 800 cleavers were found at the Porzuna site located near El Sotillo (Vallespi, Ciudad Serrano, Garcia Serrano, 1985). The majority of chops (65 %) are made from large flakes and, as a rule, are very carefully designed (Moloney, 1994). Thus, this industry, as well as the El Sotillo complex, is characterized by a preference for large standardized flakes as a raw material for BRO. Similar technological features were recorded at the El Sartalejo site, where bifaces, cleavers, peaks, and nuclei for the production of large flakes are represented (Santonja, 1985; Santonja and Villa, 2006). Here, 77 % of the chops were made from large flakes, and 16% of the workpieces were formed from thick and asymmetrical nodules (Moloney, 1994).

The method of making Acheulean chops on large flakes is not very common in the Iberian Peninsula. Between complexes of one or the other

Figure 7. Chopping blocks from El Sotillo (a) and Albala (b).

Figure 8. Comparison of the size of artifacts from the Albala and El Sotillo complexes.

there are noticeable differences in the geographical region. While at the classic angel sites of Torralba and Ambrona, chops were made from flint (Freeman, 1994), at other sites in Northern Meseta, the use of non-silicon raw materials was more common. The Galeria locality complex in Atapuerca is characterized by a predominance of radial nuclei and rubies (Carbonell et al., 2001). Here, flint is also the most widely used material, followed by quartzite and other local rocks, in particular sandstone. At this site, the production of woodcutters from large flakes was recorded (Terradillos, 2010).

There is a hypothesis that the technology of using large flakes reflects certain influences from Africa on the Acheulean region of Spain (Alimen, 1975; Freeman, 1975; Sharon, 2011). At the same time, the so-called angelic industrial variant of large flakes (Sharon, 2010) is also present in many other places outside of Africa, such as the Levant, India, China, and, as we have just discussed, the Iberian Peninsula.

If we leave aside the geographical spread of the technology of using large flakes, it can be noted that it existed for more than 1 million years. According to G. Sharon [Ibid.], this technology disappeared 0.5 million years AGO in the Levant and presumably in North Africa, where it was replaced by technology based on the use of flint and fine-grained rocks for the production of bifaces and cleavers. However, sites such as El Sotillo and Porzuna, which probably belong to the later stages of the Acheulean, suggest that the technology of large flakes existed in Central Spain during the late Middle Pleistocene periods.

Conclusion

In Campa de Calatrava (Central Spain), several angel complexes have been known since the 1970s, but until now attempts to systematically analyze stone tools have been extremely rare. This area has significant potential for studying Acheulean issues in Spain. At the El Sotillo and Porzuna localities, the systematic production of chops was recorded, for which large flakes were used as blanks, while at other sites pebble technology dominated.

Industries based on the use of large flakes were widespread in other regions, such as Africa, India, and the Middle East. They may have played an important role in the development of the Acheulean complex of the Iberian Peninsula. The similarity with the industries of the African Acheulean region suggests the existence of links between the two regions (see Freeman, 1975; Sharon, 2011), but also the possibility of convergent technology development cannot be excluded. Only future research and new data can help solve this problem.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the staff of the Museo de la Province de Ciudad Real, Manuel Osun and Esther Arias, for their assistance in developing the collections, and to Nora Moloney for her comments on an earlier version of this article.

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The article was submitted to the editorial Board on 08.05.13, in the final version-on 29.05.13.

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