Outside of Central Asia, Celteminar arrowheads are a very small and rare category of finds in Neolithic complexes. In Altai, the most significant collection of such arrowheads to date comes from the settlements of Tytkesken-2 and -6 in the Middle Katun basin (7 and 1 specimens). accordingly). Another 2 specimens are found in the materials of the settlement complexes of the Southwestern Altai-Isthmus VI (Gulbishche) and Krivoe-1. According to technical and typological characteristics, Altai Celteminar arrowheads belong to three types: South Kyzylkum Khorezm and Tytkesken. Their appearance in Altai is the result of ethno-cultural contacts of the local population with the native Celteminar culture. Probably, this tradition evolved here, as a result of which Tytkesken type arrowheads appeared.

Keywords: archeology, Neolithic, Eneolithic, settlement, classification, typology, asymmetric arrowhead on a plate, Celteminar culture, convergent development.

Research materials

This paper analyzes the conditions for the discovery of Celteminar arrowheads in the Altai settlements and the possibility of their use in the reconstruction of ethno-cultural processes in this territory in the Neolithic era. The complex of monuments at the mouth of the Tytkesken River is currently the most studied Neolithic site in the Middle Katun basin (Fig. 1). From the settlements of Tytkesken-2 and -6 there is the most significant collection of Celteminar arrowheads in the Altai to date.

At the Tytkesken-2 settlement, the layers containing the finds are separated from each other by layers of sand of Aeolian origin. Due to this, we have a clear relative chronology for eight cultural horizons in the time interval from the Late Mesolithic to the Eneolithic [Kiryushin K. Yu., Kiryushin Yu. F., 2008, p. 113].

As a result of studying the collections of stone tools from the settlement of Tytkesken-2, an expressivity was identified.-

The work was financially supported by the federal target program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia", the project " Comprehensive historical research in the field of studying Western and Southern Siberia from ancient times to the present "(cipher 2009 - 1.1 - 301 - 072 - 016).

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1. General view of the mouth of the Tytkesken river.

2. Celteminar arrowheads from the settlement complexes of Altai. 1-7-Tytkesken-2; 8-Krivoe-1; 9 - Tytkesken-6; 10-Isthmus VI (Gulbishche).

a unique group of Celteminar arrowheads. Two fragments were found in the sixth horizon (Early Neolithic): 2, 7; 3, 3) and the nozzle (fig. 2, 6; 3, 4), in the fifth (developed Neolithic) - one tip (Fig. 2, 5; 4), in the fourth (final Neolithic) - a feather (Fig. 2, 4; 5). Three fragments of a pen (see Fig. 2, 1 - 3; 3, 1, 2, 5) They were found in the filling of dwelling 1 of the third horizon, which we refer to the Bolynemyss Eneolithic culture [Ibid., p. 114]. During the excavations of this dwelling, interesting material was obtained, which has one drawback: the pit of the building was embedded in the Late Neolithic cultural layer,

3. Celteminar arrowheads from the Tytkesken-2 settlement. 1, 2, 5-filling of dwelling 1 of the third horizon; 3, 4 - the sixth cultural horizon.

4. Celteminar arrowhead from the fifth cultural horizon of the Tytkesken-2 settlement.

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5. Celteminar arrowhead from the fourth cultural horizon of the Tytkesken-2 settlement.

as a result, there was a mechanical mixing of stone and ceramic tools of the Eneolithic and Late Neolithic. Therefore, finds can only be dated in the specified interval.

Four tips (see Fig. 2, 1, 3, 4, 6) they are made from fragments of medium - sized plates (width from 7 to 10 mm), three-from small ones (see fig. 2, 2, 5, 7). Six copies are made on medial fragments (see Fig. 2, 1-5, 7), one-on the proximal (see Figs. 2, 6). The lateral notch at the three tips is formed dorsal vertical (see Fig. 2, 2, 4), in one case - blunting (see Figs. 2, 6) retouching, in all other cases-double-sided semicircle on one edge. In one specimen (see Figs. 2, 6), the side opposite to the lateral notch was completed with a half-round retouch from the dorsal. The angle at the junction of the tip and the side recess is obtuse in three cases (see Fig. 2, 2, 4, 5), and obtuse in four cases (see Fig.. 2, 1, 3, 6, 7) sharp. The tip is decorated with an alternative retouch (see Fig. 2, 4, 5), dorsal (see figs. 2, 2) or bilateral (see figs. 2, 3) on two edges, bilateral on one edge with unilateral dorsal (see Figs. 2, 1, 7) and ventral (see Figs. 2, 6) on the other. In three cases, along the edge on which the notch is made, the tip is worked out by dorsal vertical retouching (see Fig. 2, 2, 4, 5), in all others - flat, and on the opposite edge - ventral semicircle (see Fig. 2, 2), dorsal flat (see Fig. 2, 1, 4, 5, 7), double-sided flat retouching (see Figures 2, 3, 6).

The settlement of Tytkesken-6 was discovered during excavations of the southern group of mounds of the burial ground of the same name in the late 80s-early 90s of the XX century. In the excavation area of approx. Materials of the Early Neolithic and Eneolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Ages (Kiryushin Yu.F., Kungurov, 1994) were obtained at 200 m 2. In 2006, the remaining part of the settlement (approx. 1500 m2) was uncovered (Fig. 6) [Kiryushin Yu. F., Semibratov, Kungurov, Grushin, 2006]. Materials of the Neolithic layer are represented by fragments of unornamented vessels with a high neck (Kiryushin Yu. F., Kungurov, Semibratov et al., 2006) and the stone industry, which can be called microlitic. Ceramics and most categories of stone tools find analogies in collections from the early to the final Neolithic from the settlement of Tytkesken-2.

In this paper, we will consider only one artifact from the Neolithic complex of the monument - an arrowhead made on a medial fragment of a shallow plate (Fig. 7). The maximum width in the area of the "spike" is 6 mm, the thickness is 2.3 mm, and the length is 33.4 mm. On the dorsal surface, negatives from four previous plate removals are clearly visible. The fragment is poorly profiled and has a trapezoidal cross-section in the area of the "spike". The tip tip is decorated with a small vertical step - modifying dorsal marginal retouch, the lateral notch and "spike" - with a small equal-facet step-modifying ventral retouch. On the side,

Fig. 6. Settlement and burial mound Tytkesken-6

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an episodic marginal fine retouching is visible on the ventral surface of the plate opposite the lateral notch (see Figs. 2, 9).

In the materials of settlement complexes of the Southwestern Altai, there are two more Celteminar tips (Kiryushin and Klyukin, 1985, fig. 8, 26; 11, 26]. A whole specimen from the Isthmus VI settlement (Gulbishche) (see Figs. 2, 10; 8) differs significantly from the Tytkesken ones. The tip is made on a plate, has a pointed base, the recess and the rounded side opposite it are decorated with a gentle modifying retouch.

A fragment of a Celteminar arrowhead from the settlement of Krivoe-1 (see Figs. 2, 8) is similar to the Tytkesken ones. It is also made on the plate, the tip and the asymmetric side recess are decorated in a similar way.

7. Celteminar arrowhead from the Neolithic complex of the Tytkesken-6 settlement.

8. Celteminar arrowhead from the Isthmus VI settlement (Gulbishche).

Discussion of materials

At the present stage of development of the source base, Celteminar arrowheads are known in Central Asia (Korobkova, 1996), Southern (Taimagambetov and Nokhrina, 1998) and Eastern (Korobkova, 1969; 1996) Kazakhstan, Southern Urals (Mosin and Grigoriev, 2000), Western Siberia and the Urals (Matyushin, 1975) A. P. Okladnikov, in his work devoted to the Neolithic and Bronze Age of the Baikal region, analyzed two burials of the Khin type (in the Chastye and Khinskaya falls) [1950, p. 157-162], where arrowheads are found on plates with the tip and base retouched and a recess is formed on one side [Ibid., p. 157-162]. 158, fig. 15; 16]. He considered these arrowheads (as well as objects of the "Daurian" culture of Transbaikalia) to be the most archaic [Ibid., p.157]. A. P. Okladnikov did not call them Celteminar, but noted that in "Central Asia, peculiar variants of such arrowheads were found in monuments of the Celteminar culture" [Ibid., p. 160]. Further, the conclusion follows: "... Celteminar arrowheads are not just newly born forms, but only the latest echoes of incomparably older Epipaleolithic traditions " [Ibid., p. 162].

According to L. Ya. Krizhevskaya, Celteminar arrowheads are "the most ancient form of Neolithic arrowheads, genetically related to similar-shaped arrowheads of the late Mesolithic period, which were also widely distributed in the European part of the RSFSR" (1960, p. 272). A similar point of view is presented in the work of A. A. Formozov. In his opinion, "asymmetric arrowheads made of knife-shaped plates have been known since the Late Paleolithic", and "they are not uncommon in the Mesolithic of Eastern Europe" [1977, p. 117]. At the same time, the author notes that Celteminar tips differ from Paleolithic and Mesolithic ones: the latter have a relatively short petiole and a large wide warhead, while in Celteminar ones it is usually small and is 1/4 - 1/5 of the long narrow petiole [Ibid.].

In the works of A. P. Okladnikov, there is a certain evolution of views on the problem of Celteminar influence on the Neolithic cultures of Siberia and Mongolia. In a later work, he notes in the stone inventory of these cultures some similarities with Celteminar complexes, but at the same time notes: "The biggest thing that can be assumed is the reflection in the stone inventory of Neolithic monuments of Siberia and the MNR of some weak influences and contacts with carriers of steppe cultures of the Celteminar cycle" [Ibid., p. 221]. Later, describing the materials of border 1 in Chastye Paddy, A. P. Okladnikov does not speak about the arrowhead, but writes about the knife-shaped plate, which "ends with a point, the base has a side arc-shaped notch, decorated with a small steep retouch from the abdomen" [1974, p.129]. He also calls a similar artifact from the burial in Khinskaya Padi a pointed knife-shaped plate with a side notch at the base, etching-

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with a special thin flattening retouch [Okladnikov. 1975, p. 79]. In a later work, A. P. Okladnikov and I. I. Kirillov, analyzing microlithic complexes of the Mesolithic and early Neolithic of Transbaikalia, distinguish the "Daurian points" into a separate category and note that in " neighboring Baikal they are present in monuments of the Khinsky time, and in Isakov-Serov burial grounds they are less common "[Okladnikov A. P., 1950, p. 162] "[1980, p. 107]. A reference to published materials from the Chastye and Khinskaya Pad burials suggests that in the final monograph, items on plates from these burials are classified as "Daurian points".

In the works of the 1970s and 1980s, more attention was paid to the problems of dating complexes in which Celteminar artefacts were found, and the preservation of the cultural layer of monuments. G. N. Matyushin noted that the materials of the Celteminar culture come mainly from collections on sandblocks, where it is quite possible to redeposition and mix artifacts of different times. He drew attention to the fact that arrowheads with a lateral notch were found on well-stratified monuments of the Late Paleolithic of the Middle East and the Caspian region, in Zarzian-type complexes. According to the researcher, they originated in the Urals and Central Asia on the basis of Late Mesolithic microarrays (Matyushin, 1975, p. 150).

A similar point of view is expressed in the work of A.V. Vinogradov [1981]: the widespread and fading distribution of Celteminar arrowheads along the periphery is not due to infiltration of Celteminar culture carriers and not direct borrowing of their tradition, but to the development of an earlier local technical tradition close to Central Asian, or its borrowing from nearby areas where it has been preserved. The origins of this tradition, according to the author, should be sought in the VIII-VI (or VII-VI) millennia BC, and perhaps a little later [Ibid., p. 164].

In the work of A. A. Formozov, where he analyzes two microlithic zones of flint inventory in the Asian part of the USSR, celteminar arrowheads from Neolithic and Eneolithic sites of Central Asia, as well as one from the Ust-Kyakhta site in Transbaikalia, were published (1959, pp. 49-50). The author considers the side-cut tips from Khorezm, Kazakhstan, and Siberia to be of the Celteminar type [Ibid., p. 49] and believes that the similarity of the microlytic inventory of these zones is due to the development of cultures in similar natural and geographical conditions [Ibid., p.47]. V. F. Seibert supported A. A. Formozov. In his opinion, "only from this point of view can we explain, for example, the findings of Celteminar arrowheads in Transbaikalia" (Seibert, 1992, p. 109).

Some researchers believe that the presence of Celteminar arrowheads in various regions indicates cultural contacts of their inhabitants in the Neolithic period with the population of the Aral-Caspian region [Matyushin, 1975, p. 150]. G. F. Korobkova associates the appearance of these arrowheads in the Urals, Eastern Kazakhstan, and the Baikal region with the influence of the Celteminar culture [1969, p. 169]. V. S. Mosin and S. A. Grigoriev, speaking about the establishment of a single cultural space between the population of the Aral-Caspian and Trans-Ural regions in the Neolithic era, note that the most striking and easily recorded indicator of such unity is the fact of the distribution of Celteminar-type arrowheads [2000, p.237]. According to the authors, the internal content of a single cultural space "is no longer determined by unidirectional influence from south to north, but by oncoming traffic, mutual influence, and the establishment of linguistic and archaeological continuity. Information within such a unity was distributed not as a result of population migrations, but was transmitted "in a chain" from one local group to another, so there could not be a complete identity in the material culture " [Ibid., p. 238]. V. S. Mosin notes that Celteminar arrowheads in the Trans-Urals are made of local stone breeds, which excludes direct import from the Aral-Caspian region and indicates a local tradition. In the Southern Urals, they are mostly recorded in mixed Neoeneolithic strata, in the Middle Trans-Urals - in Early Eneolithic monuments and date back to the beginning of the third millennium BC [Mosin, 2005, p. 26-27]. G. N. Matyushin, considering the problem of the connection of the Ural population with the Aral Sea region, noted that "Celteminar arrowheads are a phenomenon of the Early Eneolithic period. In general, it is alien and not typical for the Urals, since for hundreds of thousands of various stone products in the entire vast territory of the Urals, Urals and Western Siberia, there are no more than 30 such tools" [1975, p. 150].

Three main points of view can be found in the discussion of the distribution of Celteminar arrowheads. The appearance of these products in Central Asia, the Urals, Western Siberia and Transbaikalia is explained by:

1) convergent development of microlytic crops in similar natural and geographical conditions (Formozov, 1959; Seibert, 1992);

2) contacts (of varying degrees of intensity) of the population of these regions with native Celteminar culture (Okladnikov, 1966; Korobkova, 1969; Mosin and Grigoriev, 2000);

3) the development of an earlier (Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic) tradition in Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia, and Transbaikalia (Matyushin, 1975; Vinogradov, 1981).

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"Daurian points" or Celteminar points

In the works of most researchers, two features are given as criteria for distinguishing Celteminar tips: the nature of the blank (plate) and an asymmetric side notch (Krizhevskaya, 1960, p.272). The typology of these artifacts is considered in more detail by A. V. Vinogradov and E. D. Mammadov. Researchers distinguish two variants among Celteminar arrowheads: Khorezm and South Kyzylkum (Vinogradov and Mamedov, 1975, p. 40). The latter is characterized by a pointed base and rounded outline of the side, the opposite recess, and a wide use of retouching from the abdomen when finishing the entire tip. The authors note "more than usual use of flat retouching, including retouching that forms a recess" and single copies with continuous two-sided processing of the entire tip or its individual parts [Ibid., p. 41]. The Khorezm variant is not described in detail. It is noted that these are" lamellar tips of the same type", "asymmetric", retouching from the abdomen is usually used only for pen processing [Ibid., pp. 40-41]. In an earlier work, A.V. Vinogradov, without naming the variant Khorezm, gives its description:"...the tips of the Celteminar type are plate-shaped of the same type, with an asymmetric side notch" [1968, p. 91]. The author notes that all of them are made according to the same scheme: "a triangular sharp feather, carefully designed with a flat retouch on the abdomen (and sometimes on the back), and a well-defined notch on one side, formed by a steep retouch from the back (rarely from the abdomen)" [Ibid.]. A small part of the tips is retouched at the base of the petiole, both from the back and from the abdomen [Ibid.]. Drawings [Vinogradov, 1968, Fig. 41; Vinogradov and Mamedov, 1975, fig. 15, 1, 39; 45, 42] there is no doubt that these tips are of the same type, which in the future researchers will call Khorezm. We believe that they can be divided into several subtypes according to the design of the side recess, base, and tip.

The conclusions of a number of researchers about the convergent development of microlytic cultures in similar natural and geographical conditions (Formozov, 1959; Seibert, 1992) are largely based on the thesis of finding "Celteminar arrowheads in Transbaikalia" (Seibert, 1992, p.109). References to the work of A. P. Okladnikov are found in most publications devoted to this category of artifacts (Krizhevskaya, 1960, p. 272).

A certain evolution of views can be traced in the works of A. A. Formozov, who, analyzing the problem of the distribution of Celteminar arrowheads on the territory of Northern Eurasia, again considered "points with a lateral notch" from Transbaikalia and noted that " some of these objects differ quite sharply from Celteminar arrowheads, since points with a lateral notch have a short petiole and a wide working surface part" [1977, p. 123]. According to the results of trace analysis, these artifacts were identified as micro-cutters and drills [Ibid., pp. 123-124].

The " Daurian arrowheads "[Okladnikov and Kirillov, 1980, p. 66, Table XXVIII, 2], which were separated into a separate category by A. P. Okladnikov and I. I. Kirillov, are morphologically very similar to Celteminar arrowheads, and these artefacts are referred to in some works as "Celteminar arrowheads in Transbaikalia" [Seibert, 1992, p. 109]. From the point of view of typology, Celteminar points of the Khorezm type and" Daurian points " belong to the same category. Differences are found in the methods of secondary processing (methods of registration) of the tip (or sting). In the case of Celteminar tips, it is formed by a marginal steep dorsal or gentle bilateral retouch, in the case of "Daurian points" - by a covering ventral flat (sharpening) one.

The procedure of classification and typology of Neolithic stone artefacts is not strictly unified. The situation when the same subjects are called differently by researchers is not exceptional. An example of an illustration of this thesis is the "point with a pointed end" from the cave sanctuary of Kamen Dyrovaty (Serikov, 2006, Fig. 3, 32). This artifact is almost a complete analogue of the Celteminar arrowhead from the settlement of Tytkesken-6. Yu. B. Serikov believes that the beveled points and points with pointed ends found in the cave were the final inserts of composite arrowheads [Ibid., p. 90]. In his opinion, incisors, plates with a blunted back and geometric microliths were used to make such tips [Ibid.].

Celteminar arrowheads are a very rare and peculiar category of stone artefacts. Their number outside of Central Asia will increase. Perhaps, as a result of the development of a unified terminology, this category of artifacts will include products that still appear under other names (for example, the final inserts of composite arrowheads).

Typology of Celteminar arrowheads in Altai

Most of the arrowheads from the Tytkesken-2 settlement are represented in fragments, but there is one complete specimen in the collection (see Fig. 2, 5; 4), one

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2, 4; 5) and two others (see Fig. 2, 1, 3; 3, 1, 2) all the required elements can be traced without a doubt. Regarding the three artifacts (see Fig. 2, 2, 6, 7) can be debated, but, in our opinion, they, like the subject with the name Krivoe-1, have all the necessary features. Two more intact tips from the settlement of Tytkesken-6 (see Figs. 2, 9; 7) and Isthmus VI (Gulbishche) (see Fig. 2, 10; 8) complete the selection.

The collection at our disposal leaves no doubt that the morphological and technical-typological features of these artifacts correspond to the selected variants of Celteminar artefacts. Common typological features are the nature of the blank (plate) and the presence of an asymmetric side notch. Arrowhead from the settlement of Isthmus VI (Gulbishche) (see Fig. 2, 10; 8) can be safely attributed to the South Kyzylkum variant. The defining features for this type are the pointed base and rounded outline of the side opposite the recess; extensive use of retouching from the abdomen when finishing the entire tip, the use of flat retouching, including forming a recess, as well as continuous two-sided processing of the entire product or its individual parts.

The tip from the Tytkesken-6 settlement (see Figs. 2, 9; 7) undoubtedly belongs to the Khorezm variant, an important characteristic of which, in our opinion, is the location of the" sting point " relative to the plate axis (Medvedev, 1981, pp. 31-32). When identifying different types, we were guided by the description of arrowheads by G. I. Medvedev [Ibid., pp. 30-32]. In the Khwarezm version of the tips, the "sting point" is located in the middle of the plate (often coincides with the chipping axis). When designing the edges, retouching was used either vertical dorsal modifying, or two-sided along two edges.

Two tips from the Tytkesken-2 settlement (see Fig. 2, 4, 5; 4; 5) they belong to a different type. They have a "sting point" located on the edge of the plate. The tip is decorated with vertical dorsal modifying retouching, its tip and the opposite face of the plate are treated with flat ventral retouching. Based on the established practice of giving arrowheads on a plate with an asymmetric side notch "geographical" names (South-Kyzylkum type, Khorezm type, Daurian points), we suggest naming this type (with the location of the "sting point" on the edge of the plate) tytkeskenskim.

Fragments of arrowheads from the settlement of Tytkesken-2 can hardly be attributed to one of two types - Khorezm or Tytkesken. From the point of view of technological analysis, these options have common points (the use of vertical retouching in the design of the sting and side recess).

Celteminar arrowheads from Altai settlements belong to three types according to technical and typological characteristics: South-Kyzylkum, Khorezm and Tytkesken. In our opinion, their appearance here is the result of ethno-cultural contacts of the local population with the native Celteminar culture. Probably, this tradition in the Altai Mountains evolved, as a result of which Tytkesken-type arrowheads appeared.

Dating of Altai settlement complexes with Celteminar arrowheads

Some researchers associate the appearance of Celteminar arrowheads in the vast territory from the Urals to Transbaikalia with the development of earlier Mesolithic or Late Paleolithic traditions (Krizhevskaya, 1960, p.272; Matyushin, 1975, p. 150; Vinogradov, 1981, p. 164; Formozov, 1977, p. 117). We agree that in some regions of Eurasia during the Mesolithic or Late Paleolithic, there were products (chisels, drills, etc.) that were morphologically similar to Celteminar artefacts, but these artifacts reflect different technological traditions and, from the point of view of typological analysis, belong to different types or subtypes.

In Altai, neither Late Paleolithic nor Mesolithic materials contain artefacts that are morphologically, technically and typologically close to Celteminar artefacts. At present, 13 cultural horizons have been identified and studied on nine stratified Mesolithic sites in the Middle Katun region (more than 22 thousand sites in total). artefacts) [Semibratov, 2000, p. 4]. Arrowheads made on flakes are found in 8 of the 13 complexes [Ibid., pp. 17-19], while arrowheads on plates are absent.

Arrowheads from the settlements of the Southwestern Altai were found as a result of collecting lifting material in the destroyed part of the monuments, which makes it impossible to use radiocarbon dating. Therefore, researchers limit themselves to a very general dating, referring these artifacts to the Neolithic era.

For the Tytkesken-2 settlement, a series of radiocarbon dates obtained from animal bones is available: the sixth horizon - 6,860 ± 90 BP (SOAN-5149), 6,620 ± 95 (SOAN-5150), 6,585 ± 85 (SOAN-5151), 6,510 ± 130 BP (GIN-8455the fourth - 5,360 ± 90 (SOAN-5,148) and 5,430 ± 140 (GIN-8,456) bp.

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Thus, the materials of the sixth horizon are dated to the end of the VI - first half of the V millennium BC, the fifth - the second half of the V millennium BC. Dwelling 1 of the third horizon refers to the end of the IV-beginning of the III millennium BC. For the Neolithic horizon of the Tytkesken-6 settlement, where an arrowhead of the Celteminar type was found, two radiocarbon dates were obtained from animal bones: 6,200 ± 210 (SOAN-6763) and 5,930 ± 150 (SOAN-6765) bp.

On the Tytkesken-2 monument, fragments of arrowheads typologically close to the Khorezm type date back to the end of the VI-first half of the V millennium BC. The results of radiocarbon dating of the Neolithic layer of the Tytkesken-6 settlement allow us to confidently say that arrowheads of this type appeared on the territory of the Altai-Sayan Highlands at the turn of the V-IV millennium BC.The presence of a Tytkesken type arrowhead in the filling of the fourth horizon dwelling and three fragments typologically close to the Khorezm and Tytkesken types in the filling of the third horizon dwelling 1 indicates the continuation of the tradition of making Celteminar arrowheads in the final Neolithic (second third of the IV millennium BC) and Eneolithic (late IV - early III millennium BC).E.).

In the fifth horizon of the Tytkesken-2 settlement, along with a tip of the Khorezm type (see Figs. 2, 5; 4), a peculiar ceramic was found [Kiryushin K. Yu., Kiryushin Yu. F., 2008, p. 113] with a drawn decor, which sharply differs from the earlier and later ones on this monument. The compositional construction of the ornament finds some analogies in the materials of the Jeytun culture [Ibid.].

The dating of Celteminar arrowheads in Altai is generally consistent with the materials of the Southern Urals, where such artifacts are mostly recorded in mixed Neoeneolithic layers; in the Middle Trans-Urals, they are found on Early Eneolithic sites and date back to the beginning of the third millennium BC (Mosin, 2005, pp. 26-27). The conclusions of some researchers about the convergent development of microlithic cultures in similar natural and geographical conditions (Formozov, 1959; Seibert, 1992) are largely based on A. P. Okladnikov's assessment of the tips from burials in the Chastye and Khinskaya falls as the most archaic (1950, p.157). Over the decades since the publication of these materials, no new evidence has emerged to support this thesis, while Celteminar arrowheads have been found in the Urals and Altai.

Difficulties in solving the problem of the spread of the Celteminar tradition in Northern Eurasia are related to objective problems of the occurrence of materials, the preservation of the cultural layer of monuments, and subjective reasons - the lack of radiocarbon dates for stratified complexes. So far, it can be stated that the widespread and decaying distribution of Celteminar-type arrowheads along the periphery (the Urals and Altai) is due to the infiltration of Celteminar culture carriers and direct borrowing of their tradition. The "Daurian points" in Transbaikalia are most likely borrowed from secondary foci. So far, such assumptions can only be considered as a working hypothesis. The development of the source database will allow us to return to the discussion of this problem.

Conclusion

Celteminar arrowheads in collections of stone artefacts from Neolithic settlements of the Altai are a small but very expressive category of products that allow reconstructing ethno-cultural processes in the south of Western Siberia during the Neolithic era. In our opinion, the appearance of Celteminar arrowheads in the settlements of Tytkesken-2 and -6 is associated with migration or infiltration of the population of Central Asia or Eastern Kazakhstan to the territory of Gorny Altai. The nature and intensity of these contacts cannot yet be accurately determined. It is even more difficult to reconstruct the Neolithic and Eneolithic ethno-cultural processes in the Southwestern Altai, but with the accumulation of materials it will be possible to return to these problems. In the meantime, I would like to note that the discovery of a Celteminar arrowhead of the South Kyzylkum type at the Isthmus VI settlement (Gulbishche) is the only case known to us outside of Central Asia.

The widespread use of Celteminar arrowheads of the Khorezm type should probably be considered the result of ethno-cultural contacts of the population of various territories of Eurasia with carriers of Celteminar cultural traditions. It is difficult to interpret the appearance of a Celteminar tip of the South-Kyzylkum type in the Southwestern Altai due to the unique nature of the find. We believe that this is evidence of the penetration of Celteminar cultural traditions into the Altai.

The collection of Celteminar arrowheads from the settlements of Tytkesken-2 and -6 is one of the most representative in quantity outside of Central Asia. The process of in-house processing of archaeological materials of the Tytkesken-6 settlement is just beginning, and similar artifacts may still be discovered. The special value of this collection lies in the fact that it comes from two monuments where stratigraphic observations are made.-

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These data provide a clear relative chronology, while radiocarbon dating provides absolute dates for individual complexes. Thanks to this, we record the existence of the Celteminar tradition for a long historical period from the turn of the VI-V to the beginning of the III millennium BC.Outside of Central Asia, this is a rare case when we are dealing not with isolated finds, but with a stable Celteminar tradition, which evolved in the Altai Mountains, resulting in the appearance of Tytkesken type arrowheads.

List of literature

Vinogradov A.V. Neolithic monuments of Khorezm, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1968, 286 p. (Materials of the Khorezm Expedition, issue 8).

Vinogradov A.V. Ancient hunters and fishermen of the Central Asian Interfluve, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1981, 173 p.

Vinogradov A.V., Mamedov E. D. Primeval Lyavkyan (stages of ancient settlement and development of Inner Kyzylkums). Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1975, 286 p. (Materials of the Khorezm expedition; vol. 10).

Seibert V. F. Atbasar culture. Yekaterinburg: UrORAN Publ., 1992, 222 p. (in Russian)

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 01.10.09.

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